Australia runs a points-based skilled migration system. The three main graduate PR routes are Skilled Independent (subclass 189, permanent, no sponsorship), Skilled Nominated (subclass 190, needs state nomination for 5 extra points), and Skilled Work Regional (subclass 491, provisional five-year visa that converts to permanent via subclass 191 after three years of qualifying regional living and working).
You need at least 65 points to submit an Expression of Interest, but real invitation cut-offs typically run 75 points or higher for most occupations. Points come from age, English proficiency, education level, Australian work experience, partner qualifications, and regional study or work. Studying in a designated regional area adds 15 points, which is often decisive.
The employer-sponsored route is the Skills in Demand visa (subclass 482, which replaced the Temporary Skill Shortage visa in December 2024). Two years with a sponsoring employer on a 482 leads to permanent residency via the Employer Nomination Scheme (subclass 186).
A realistic timeframe from starting your degree to permanent residency is around six to ten years, depending on your programme length, whether you extend via the 485 second stream, and how quickly you meet the points threshold or find a sponsoring employer.